A Hypercalcemic Enigma: A Rare Case of Bone Marrow Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease involving granuloma formation. The exact etiology of the disease remains unknown. While the lungs are the most commonly involved organs in sarcoidosis, bone marrow-only involvement is quite rare. As bone marrow-only involvement can have a presentation that closely resembles multiple myeloma, a significant diagnostic dilemma can occur as the treatment for sarcoidosis is different compared to multiple myeloma. We present a case of a 62-year-old female who presented with worsening lower extremity weakness and fatigue. She was found to have new-onset hypercalcemia, normocytic anemia, and lytic bony lesions. Extensive laboratory workup for multiple myeloma was negative with bone marrow biopsy showing non-caseating granulomas, thus diagnosing the patient with sarcoidosis involving the bone marrow.

Pyoderma Gangrenosum as a Harbinger of Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma.

Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignancy of mature T lymphocytes caused by chronic human T-lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I) infection. Up to one third of cases of ATLL can present with skin involvement-oftentimes there may only be skin involvement. Rare cutaneous presentations can further obscure the diagnosis, create diagnostic dilemma, and delay the institution of appropriate therapy. We present a case of ATLL where the initial lesion at presentation was pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). To our knowledge, there are no reported cases of ATLL presenting as PG.

Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Impact of Workplace Violence among Physicians.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of objective data and studies pertaining to the prevalence and consequences of workplace violence against physicians in Nepal. This study aims to assess the prevalence, associated factors, and implications of workplace violence on Nepalese physicians. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study from March 2021 to August 2021. Nepal Medical Council-certified physicians currently working in Nepal were included in the study. Baseline characteristics, types of violence experienced, patterns, psychosocial impacts, and changes in patient management were collected. RESULTS: Out of 318 responses received, 302 responses met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. One-hundred and ninety (62.9%) respondents had ever faced workplace violence. Madhesh Province had the highest prevalence (81.5%). Verbal abuse (93.2%) was the most common type of violence encountered. We found a significant association between workplace violence and hours worked each week. We also found an association between workplace violence and years of experience. Our study found a significant increase in stress/depression/anxiety/idea of persecution, sense of defeat, job turnover, and loss of productivity/income with the increase in severity of workplace violence. CONCLUSIONS: Workplace violence is largely prevalent among Nepalese physicians. In the aftermath of workplace violence, a physician can undergo a multitude of adverse psychosocial consequences leading to a further decrease in productivity. More insights through research, formal training, and policy implementation are necessary to overcome this largely ignored problem of the medical fraternity in Nepal.

A rare case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kathmandu presenting with features of bacterial skin infection: A case report.

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by different species of genus Leishmania and transmitted by sandflies. Lesions of CL are most commonly present in the exposed areas, and the most familiar morphological type is papulo-nodular. The diagnosis of CL should be considered while dealing with common skin lesions, as well as encountering uncommon pathologies. We present a case of a 26-year-old man living in Kathmandu originally from Humla whose clinical course was complicated by unsuccessful treatment with suspicion of bacterial skin infection. The patient first presented with an erythematous papule with some scale and crust with central ulceration over the left side of his upper lip and mild fever. With the suspicion of bacterial infection, he was initially treated with antibiotics, which showed no improvement prompting the referral to a tertiary center with further diagnostic workup. Punch biopsy confirmed the presence of amastigote form of leishmaniasis Donovan bodies. Also, the rk39 antibody test was positive. Clinicians need to pay more effort to the diagnosis of CL and include it in the differential diagnoses of patients presenting with typical lesions even if the region is not known to be endemic for CL or in the patient with no known history of insect bite.

A Case Report of Esophageal Perforation: Complications of Orogastric Tube Placement.

Orogastric tube (OGT) insertion is a routine procedure in medical care. It is often inserted in patients after endotracheal intubation. OGT insertion is often a blind procedure. Misplacement of the tube can cause a variety of complications and can sometimes be life-threatening. We present the case of a 71-year-old male patient who experienced a rare proximal esophageal perforation as a complication of blind insertion of the OGT; he required OGT insertion after receiving endotracheal intubation for hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 infection. The esophageal perforation was revealed on a post-procedural roentgenogram and confirmed by a subsequent computed tomography of the chest. Given the small size of the perforation and the absence of clinical instability, conservative management was pursued leading to improvement of the mediastinitis. Although the complications of OGT insertion are uncommon, their consequences can be potentially serious and require a high degree of suspicion.

Solid Pseudo-papillary Neoplasia: A Rare Malignancy of the Pancreas.

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) are exceedingly rare type of exocrine pancreatic malignancy, representing only 0.9%-2.7% of all exocrine pancreatic malignancies. They predominantly affect young women and unlike other pancreatic malignancies, they have excellent prognoses with 5-year survival following surgical resection approaching 97%. Given the rarity of the disease, little is known about their histopathogenesis as they do not harbor similar genetic mutational abnormalities like other pancreatic tumors. We describe a rare case of SPN in a young female who was found to have the rare diagnosis during the work up for deranged liver function tests.

Severe Thrombocytopenia in Infective Endocarditis.

Thrombocytopenia can be seen in about 20-25% of patients with bacterial infective endocarditis (IE). Platelets have a major role in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, and they are also sensitive monitors of systemic host response to bacteremia. Thrombocytopenia on presentation of patients with IE identifies higher risk groups and carries higher mortality risk. The presence of thrombocytopenia is an independent prognosticator of poor outcomes in IE. We present a case of a 40-year-old male with the history of injection drug use who was diagnosed with IE and was found to have severe thrombocytopenia on admission was treated with intravenous antibiotics, which dramatically improved his platelet counts as well without any need for plasmapheresis or platelet transfusions.

Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide Hypercalcemia as a Presentation of Endometrial Clear Cell Carcinoma.

Hypercalcemia is a frequent complication of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies yet is only rarely associated with endometrial clear cell carcinoma. Here we report on a 70-year-old female who presented in the context of hip fracture and was incidentally found to have humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy secondary to endometrial clear cell carcinoma. This rare association makes endometrial cancer one of the differential diagnoses to be considered when assessing incidentally found symptomatic or asymptomatic hypercalcemia in the appropriate patient population.

Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate presenting as a solitary cystic brain mass.

Carcinoma prostate is the second most common cancer in men after skin cancer. It is the most common visceral malignancy in the United States of America. Like any other cancerous lesion, it has the propensity to metastasize to any part of the body; the most common locations being bones, lymph nodes, liver, and thoracic organs. However, it rarely metastasizes to the brain. It is even rarer for brain metastases to manifest as cystic lesions. We describe an unusual case of a metastatic prostate carcinoma presenting as a cystic brain mass.

A mild, self-resolving case of Epstein-Barr virus-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a multisystem disease caused by an excessive activation of the immune system. In most instances, HLH can be fatal without treatment; a life-threatening syndrome driven by a dysregulated immune system and activation of macrophages resulting in cytokine release and consequent cellular damage. HLH can occur as a consequence of multiple genetic abnormalities or environmental triggers. We present an interesting case of mild, self-resolving, HLH due to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection in a young woman. The best-known diagnostic criteria are based on the HLH-2004 trial, incorporating either the presence of known mutations or five of eight clinical and laboratory findings. Prompt initiation of etoposide-containing therapy is associated with improved survival. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody, can also remove EBV-harboring B-cells and improve outcomes. In a rare subset of patients, the disease can spontaneously resolve without any therapeutic interventions thus sparing the patients from toxic therapies.

Primary Pulmonary Leiomyosarcoma: An Unusual Cause of Pleural Effusion.

Primary pulmonary leiomyosarcomas (PPLs) are extremely rare tumors of the lungs. They can present with non-specific symptoms or can also be asymptomatic with clues towards diagnosis being found on routine examination or radiographs. We present a case of a 54-year-old woman who presented with worsening shortness of breath and spells of dizziness. Her chest radiographs showed right-sided pleural effusion and CT revealed a large enhancing pleural mass with compression atelectasis and mediastinal shift. She underwent a thoracoscopy and right pleural biopsy. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were most consistent with leiomyosarcoma. An extensive search for a possible primary in other sites was unrevealing, thus diagnosing the patient with PPL. She was managed with surgery and radiotherapy.

Compliance with the smoke-free public places legislation in Nepal: A cross-sectional study from Biratnagar Metropolitan City.

BACKGROUND: Smoke-free legislation banning tobacco smoking in public places was implemented across Nepal in 2014 with the ambition to reduce the impact of second-hand smoking. As part of a comprehensive policy package on tobacco control, the implementation of the legislation has seen a marked reduction in tobacco consumption. Yet there remains uncertainty about the level of compliance with smoke-free public places. OBJECTIVES: This study assesses the compliance with smoke-free laws in public places and the factors associated with active smoking in public places in Biratnagar Metropolitan City, Nepal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Biratnagar metropolitan city in Province 1 of Nepal from July to December 2019. A total of 725 public places within the metropolitan city were surveyed using a structured survey tool. Active smoking was the primary outcome of the study which was defined as smoking by any person during the data collection time at the designated public place. RESULTS: The overall compliance with smoke-free legislation was 56.4%. The highest compliance (75.0%) was observed in Government office buildings. The lowest compliance was observed in eateries, entertainment, and shopping venues (26.3%). There was a statistically significant association between active smoking and the presence of 'no smoking' notices appended at the entrance and the odds of active smoking in eateries, entertainment, hospitality, shopping venues, transportations and transits was higher compared to education and health care institutions. None of the 'no smoking' notices displayed fully adhered to the contents as prescribed by the law. CONCLUSION: As more than half of the public places complied with the requirements of the legislation, there was satisfactory overall compliance with the smoke-free public places law in this study. The public venues (eateries, shopping venues and transportations) that are more frequently visited and have a high turnover of the public have lower compliance with the legislation. The content of the message in the 'no smoking' notices needs close attention to adhere to the legal requirements.

Neurosarcoidosis Presenting as Young-Onset Chronic Headache: A Case Report.

Sarcoidosis causes granulomatous inflammation in multiple organ systems. Lungs are the most commonly affected organs. In 50% of the cases with lung involvement, other organs are also involved. The central nervous system is one of the rarer organ systems involved - comprising 5-15% of all the cases. Neurological involvement, when present, can affect virtually every part of the central and peripheral nervous system. We present an interesting case of a 30-year-old nonalcoholic, nonsmoker man who presented with a chronic headache of 6 years. He had a recent swaying of the body for 6 months and mild forgetfulness for 4 months. The patient had 2 episodes of facial nerve palsy in the past - which had responded to the treatment of Bell's palsy; however, the patient had some residual findings on presentation. While CSF findings suggested meningeal tuberculosis, the radiological evidence and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. On follow-up after 6 weeks of steroid therapy, the patient displayed a marked improvement in headache, cognitive function, and a good response on imaging studies. Our case emphasizes that neurosarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic headaches and recurrent facial nerve palsy despite being very rare.

Silver-lining in the Time of Mayhem: The Role of Local Governments of Nepal During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only affected health systems but also has had deep socio-economic effects. The lockdown enforced in Nepal, had people running out of means to make ends meet, the public in fear of an unknown disease, and challenges for leaders to deliver better. Local governments of Nepal, established under the federal system, have the closest ties to the community. They have powers entrusted by the constitution to enact laws according to the needs of the community. During the 83 days of lockdown, the local governments came through for their inhabitants by managing quarantines and isolation centers, taking care of diagnostics, providing food and rations, and arranging facilities to bring back their locals stranded in other cities. The local governments improved awareness and helped maintain the lockdown. These undertakings by the local governments of Nepal highlight the importance of a community-based approach to dealing with pandemics.